From 5 - 20 November, 2000

by Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director and
Kur Yai Nop, ORCD Field Coordinator

For information contact:
Organization for Relief and Community Development (ORCD)
c/o P.O. Box 9658, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel. c/o Kur Yai 254 - 151-54195
Mobile Phone 254 - 727-21056
Fax. 254 - 151 - 54195
send email to Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director

ORCD -- Here we stand to serve the whole community.

"Adopt as your fundamental creed that you will equip yourself for life,
not solely for your own benefit but for the whole community."
      (Sir John Monash Engineer, Military Commander,
      and Public Administrator 1886 - 1931)

"But Jesus said, 'It is more blessed to give than to receive.'" Acts 20:35

List of Acronyum
Assessment Period and Team Members
1.0. Summary of Assessment Findings
1.1. Acknowledgements
2.0. Introduction
     2.1. Objectives
     2.2. Geographic Scope of the Assessment
     2.3. Methodology
     2.4. Limitation / Constraints
     2.5. Background and Justification
3.0. Main Text Involves The Following
     3.1. Health and Nutrition
     3.2. Education, Child Protection and Child Soldier
     3.3. Food Production
     3.4. Relief Food Items
     3.5. Shelter / Non Food Items
     3.6. Water and Sanitation
     3.7. Veterinary / Livestock
     3.8. Coping Mechanism/Techniques of Survival
     3.9. Trade and Exchange
     3.10. Fishing, Hunting and Wild Food
     3.11. Population Estimate
     3.12. Peace and Promotion of Human Rights in WUN
     3.13. Community Participation
4.0. Conclusion

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ADRA - Adventist Development and Relief Agency
BPMM - Bible Peace Making Ministry
CDR - Commander
CHW - Community Health Worker
COSV - Coordination Committee for Voluntary Services
EPI - Expanded Program on Immunization
GOS - Government of Sudan
MSF-H - Medicine Sans Frontiers - Holland
MCH - Maternal Child Health
MDM - Medecins Du Monde - France
IRC - International Rescue Committee
OLS - Operation Lifeline Sudan
NSCC - New Sudan Council of Churches
ORCD - Organization for Relief and Community Development
PHCC - Primary Health Care Centre
PHCU - Primary Health Care Unit
SPDF - Sudan People's Democratic Front
SWVP - Sudanese Women's Voice for Peace
SPLA - Sudan People's Liberation Army
SSOM - South Sudan Operation Mercy
TBA - Traditional Birth Attendance
UNICEF - United Nation's Children Funds
WHO - World Health Organization
WUN - Western Upper Nile.

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ASSESSMENT PERIOD:        5th - 20th November, 2000

ASSESSMENT TEAM MEMBERS:

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1.0. SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT FINDINGS

• Since 1997 to year 2000, Western Upper Nile region has been at war in itself (Factional and Inter-Factional fighting) aside from North-South war with the help of its sponsored South Sudanese Militias and the oil impact, has completely destroyed and changed the ways of life and coping mechanism of these people.
• Since then, no adequate humanitarian services been delivered to them which include UN/WHO major vaccination campaigns like polio due to lack of accessibility hampered by monotonous insecurity in this region.
• All the four counties of Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei were on ran for their lives for the last three months mainly from July - September, 2000 up to Bahr- el-Ghazal in Twic county, and as a result, they lost their properties and personal belongings.
• Civilian dwellings such as tukuls / huts, luaks (byres), structures and institutions like schools and churches were burnt to ashes. Livestock looted and taken by either side as war booties.

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• Health is pathetic, emergency medical kits should be quickly distributed to areas where people has returned home. Education need to be rescued and rehabilitated. Orphans and child soldier is prevalence, authority is willing to demobilize them and the community is willing to assist in any way such as construction of school structures.
• Shelter and non-food items are urgently needed. Water and sanitation is appalling and must be quickly looked at, as the civil population are complaining of water poison in some parts of these four counties, more boreholes are the solution.
• Peace and promotion of human rights should be pursued as the people are willing in attaining peace and stability.
• We concluded that, in order to rehabilitate and restore the lives and civil society of these communities, we have to intervene through local indigenous NGOs who will base on the ground in South Sudan within the community to provide accurate information and collaborate with the international / UN agencies to make a difference in the lives of these communities. We therefore, take this opportunity to ask the international community and all the peace loving people of the world to give us helping hand in terms of resources to help these communities who are at the verge of disaster from all destructive forces around them as discussed in the text.

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1.1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ORCD assessment team members have the pleasure to recognize and acknowledge generous support of the Christian Aid Organization and South Sudan Operation Mercy (SSOM) an indigenous NGO operating in Western Upper Nile (Bul County) by giving us a lift in their chartered plane from Lokichioggio Northern Kenya to Tam in Bul County and Nhialdiu (Leek County) in South Sudan and back to Loki. Without their support this assessment would have not been too soon a reality.

We are greatly indebted to UNICEF/OLS Southern Sector, Health Sector and Education Sector for their prompt response in supplying ORCD with five emergency medical kits and five emergency education kits donated to Nhialdiu community, as we give them our first hand report from Nhialdiu. We are also thankful to UNICEF health sector in assisting us to transport the five medical kits to Nhialdiu. UNICEF, SSOM and Christian Aid donation to these communities has given a sign of hope to the restoration of their lives and society.

We shall never forget all the trust, support, encouragement and advices we enjoyed from all the friends and colleagues in establishing ORCD. With God's blessings and thanks.

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2.0. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Objectives

• The overall objectives of this assessment mission to Western Upper Nile Region of Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei Counties respectively, was to conduct an emergency assessment to assess the impact of the huge internal displacement which started in June, July, August and September 2000 up to the areas of Bahr -El-Ghazal region and to the government held towns of Bentiu, Mayom, Rubkona and Wankai.
• To know exactly if the civil population of these counties has returned to their original birth places in Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei clans.
• To assess their basic humanitarian needs and report them to whom it may concern.
• From this assessment mission, ORCD shall come up with two or three main areas of concern to focus at as its fundamental areas of programme activities and write its project proposals in those main areas.
• In order to do this, the Assessment Team members had examined the impact of all the events which have had on food security, health, nutrition, education, non food essentials, water and sanitation, veterinary services, child protection issues and interrelationships between these and peace endeavors.
• The team will also try to reach a cleaner understanding of the status of the population and what options are currently available for their future protection.

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2.2. Geographic Scope of the Assessment

Although we did not physically cover all the areas we intended to assess which includes Mankien, Wichok, Buoth, Rier, Kerial, Toy and Tam in Bul County. Nhialdiu, Kuey, Barmalual, Rubnyagai, Gezera, Dhorkan, Dhornoor and Many others in Leek county. Duar, Kuac, Nimnie and Chaang in Jikany and Bow, Waak and Koch in Jagei County. However, we were able to assess thoroughly the areas of TAM in Bul County and Nhialdiu in Leek county which includes the areas of Chaang in Jikany and Jagei were conducted through interviews of Jagei people in Leek and Bul Counties.

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2.3. Methodology

A number of data collection techniques were used in the assessment and these includes visual observations, meeting with local authorities, community leaders, coordinators, commissioners etc. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with the community.
Tools used involved proportional Piling and mapping exercises were also used in meetings, and all information was triangulated by cross checking with the community leaders such as chiefs, women leaders, coordinators and youth leaders.

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2.4. Limitation / Constraints

There were a number of constraints for this assessment mission which includes:

• Time was very limited and therefore, we could not cover the whole area which made us to rely heavily on interviews rather than observations of the whole area.
• We had no good facilities and resources to use with exception of few papers and pens.
• We were only two and therefore, only a limited amount of data could be collected.
• Our team also lacked expertise in various fields such as water, veterinary, food analyst and women activities.
• The team was able to access only two payams in two counties and was therefore compelled to make extrapolations for the other areas of Jikany and Jagei.
• Large numbers of the population were just returning to their original homes and we could not have access to all of them as they were resettling.
• We could not obtain any sort of visual impression of Livestock numbers as normal as it use to be in the past.
• We could not also manage to quantity this year's harvest production, as we were not expert enough in this area.

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2.5. Background and Justification

Western Upper Nile (WUN) region has been racked and torn apart by a devastating conflicts in the region which include the most relentless civil war in the country and complicated internal conflicts among the rebel movements in Western Upper Nile.

From September 1997 to date, Western Upper Nile (WUN) has been in turmoil and bloodshed within the rank and file of the rebel forces i.e., the people of Western Upper Nile alone on one hand and the government of Sudan (GOS) armed forces with aerial bombardment, helicopter gunships and ground offensives together with its associated militias from WUN on the other hand and the disastrous impact of the oil exploitation in Western Upper Nile.

All these forces collectively caused a massive displacement of the civil population of WUN, enormous loss of life, huge disruption of Livelihood, extensive violation of human rights, burning, looting of crops and dwelling, cattle / livestock taken as war booties to both sides, abduction of women and children into servitude and coercive conscriptions of child soldier into rebel and government armies. All civil structures and institution are completely destroyed. As a result of these continuous insecurity in this region, all international NGO's operating in these counties had withdrawn their personnel and resources by the end of 1997 and early 1998. MSF.H was in Duar in Jikany, MDM was in Mankien in Bul and Cosv in Nhialdiu in Leek. Consequently these areas are totally abandoned without basic or minimal humanitarian assistance accept on Hit and Run basis by UNICEF and WFP once a lull in fighting is reported.

These areas of Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei had experienced internal displacement right away from June, July, August and September and slowly returning home in October 2000 to date.

With the absence of international NGOs and UN agencies in these areas, ORCD in collaboration with other indigenous NGOs operating in the area would strive to bridge the gap between the international, UN agencies and the local community in delivering humanitarian services to these areas.

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3.0. Main Text shall involve the following:

3.1. Health and nutrition
3.2. Education, child protection, and child soldier
3.3. Food production
3.4. Relief food
3.5. Shelter / non food items
3.6. Water and Sanitation
3.7. Livestock / veterinary
3.8. Coping mechanism / Techniques of survival
3.9. Trade and exchange
3.10. Fishing, hunting and wildfood
3.11. Population estimates
3.12. Peace and promotion of human rights in WUN.
3.13. Community participation and commitments.

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3.1. Health and Nutrition

Practically there are no health care services in Bul, Leek, Jagei and Jikany Counties of WUN from 1997, mainly after the withdrawal of international health agencies. The prevalence of a wide variety of illnesses and the general poor health of the population reflects the lack of health care services in these areas.

ORCD assessment in TAM and Nhialdiu PHCC reveal high incidences of different diseases such as suspected cases of malaria, watery and bloody-diarrhea, chest infections, scabies and other skin diseases, eye infection, tuberculosis (T.B); Kala-azar, Typhoid, sexual transmitted diseases, intestinal worm infestation and all types of wounds. TB involve (TB glands, back and spine), hernias and miscarriages among women were also severely noted.

During the exercise of interviews and visual observations, some malnourished cases were seen among the children under five of age in both Tam and Nhialdiu, women and elderly people were also noticed. Based on the assessment, the health status of the population especially children is generally very poor and their nutritional status is vulnerable mainly due to water related diseases and lack of proper hygiene than food. Lack of health services has enormously contributed as well.

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Nhialdiu County (Leek) Health Facilities

Twelve primary health care facilities have been reported in Leek County as follows:

          One functional PHCC in Nhialdiu town
          One proposed, PHCC at Rub-Nyagai
          Eight (8) PHCUs at Bielcheer, Bilbar, Thiet, Wechot, Guolgol, Gezera, Dhorkan and Dhornoor.

Local Health Care Workers / Personnel

          Forty-four (44) community health workers (CHWs) were reported.
          Nhialdiu PHCC alone has 10 CHWs, 2 medical assistants, 2 Lab. Technicians,
          7 EPI vaccinators, 6 MCHS (traditional birth attendance) trained by COSV and 17 CHWs divided up in the eight PHCUS.

Jikany County Health Facilities

          This county has proposed 1 PHCC in Chaang and 4 PHCUs by the local authority.
          Health personnel includes 4 nurses, 2 CHWs, 1 Lab. Technician.

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Jagei County Health Facilities

          1 proposed PHCC in Boaw and 4 PHCUs at around distance villages to Boaw waiting for medical supplies and relative security.
          Health personnel are six (6) CHWs.

Bul County Local Health Facilities
(For a clearer explanation, we divided Bul County into two parties namely Bul - 1 and Bul - 2.
Bul - 1 includes the areas west of Naam River, or Bahr el-Ghazal River, as widely referred to.
Bul - 2 include areas South of Naam River.)

          In Bul - 1 there are 2 PHCC in Mankien and Tam PHCC proposed and 8 PHCUs in Routh Nyibol, Thargenah, Rier and Kerial.
          Bul - 2 there are 2 PHCC in Wichok and 1 PHCC in Bouth and 8 PHCC in Turkey and near by vicinity villages of Bul - 2.

Bul County Local Health Care Workers

          Bul - 1 has 26 CHWs, 5 of whom attended 9 month IRC courses, 9 EPI workers, 4 MCH workers and 3 Guinea worm workers, there are 5 CHWs in each of the PHCUs in Bul County.

          Bul - 2 have 17 CHWs and 7 EPI workers for Wichok and Buoth has 16 CHWs and 2 EPI workers.

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These four counties namely Jikany, Jagei, Leek and Bul had received inadequate Polio campaign coverage in all its rounds due to lack of proper accessibility and continuous insecurity in these areas. Therefore, Health coverage can only be accessed at the present situation through indigenous NGOs who can live within the communities in this turbulent time.

Summary of the Four Counties Health Facilities and Personnel

     1. Nhialdiu County (Leek)
          Facilities
          2 PHCC's
          8 PHCU's
          Personnel - 44 health Care Staff.

     2. Jikany County
          Facilities
          1 PHCC
          4 PHCU's
          Personnel - 8 Health Care Staff

     3. Jagei County (Boaw)
          Facilities
          1 PHCC
          4 PHCU's
          Personnel - 6 Health Care Staff

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     4. Bul - County (Mankien)

     Total Facilities and Personnel in WUN
          PHCC's 8
          PHCU's - 32
          Personnel - 126

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3.2. Education Child Protection and Child Soldier

Education:

The status of education in Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei Counties is remarkably pathetic. We have found out and observed that all school structures and materials were completely destroyed or burnt down in June, July, August and September 2000 attacks. Before internal wars in 1997, Bul County had over 80 primary schools from P1 - P8 with a population of about 75,000 pupils both girls and boys without restriction of gender. ADRA South Sudan used to support Bul County primary schools in 1997 but withdrew in December 1997 because of continuous insecurity in the area.

• Leek County had over 60 primary schools from P1 - P8 and with a population of about 50,000 pupils, both girls and boys without gender restriction.
• Jikany County had 18 primary schools from P1 - P4 with a population of 3,600 pupils.
• Jagei County had 32 primary schools from P1 - P5 with a population of 6,400 pupils. All those structures and school establishments are completely destroyed forcing children to resort to nothing else than child soldier recruitment. UNICEF continue to provide emergency education materials once access prevailed in these counties.

Over the past three years i.e. from 1997 to year 2000, there has never been any international NGOs nor indigenous NGOs covering education activities in these counties accept UNICEF on Hit and Run basis.

It is unfortunate to note that all the boys who were at P5, P6, P7 and P8 in 1997 - 2000 have joined the rebel forces either willingly nor coercively due to lack of schools to enable them continue their education. Whereas, girls under those level resort to marriages due to lack of schools for them to continue.

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Child Protection

ORCD assessment has also noticed and received reports of existence of huge numbers of orphans as a result of continuous fighting in the area which left a number of children familyless (orphans). However, Nuer family and kinship ties has helped to accommodate such large numbers of orphans. This report will be a source to inform mandated agencies with a child protection commitment. ORCD shall help in tracing them in these counties.

Child Soldier

The prevalence of child soldiers in these four counties is clearly visible and conspicuous. When we asked the local authority as to why they keep young boys in their army? They responded that, we have nowhere else to keep them since we do not have schools for them and where to engage them. They went on to say that, we had demobilized (400) child soldiers in June 2000 but rejoined the rebel ranks when full scale conflict war resumed in July 2000. Children can only be engaged by such institution as school they had concluded. We encourage mandated agencies to take more interest to investigate these issues of child soldier demobilization. ORCD will very much cooperate in this process.

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3.3. Food Production

Normally these four counties are well known as surplus zones in terms of crop production, with maize and sorghum being the main crops cultivated in this region. At least, successful results would have been reported this year in 2000 harvest, but unfortunately, most of their crops were destroyed and consumed by different warring parties in the area, especially when these four counties of Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei were disrupted and displaced up to Bahr - el - Ghazal region of Twic County in late August and September 2000 when they returned to their original places they found out that the grains they left in their farms were looted and destroyed by those who displaced them to Bahr - el -Ghazal. However, other farms are not completely looted or destroyed and therefore, for those who completely lost their product can still share with those relatives who have some products as far as the kinship and Nuer sharing system is concerned. WFP and other relief agencies should further investigate this looming crisis.

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3.4. Relief Food Items

While we were in the area on November 8th - 17th, we witnessed WFP food delivery to the area of Kuey (Leek County) though we did not obtain the figures delivered. Early distributions was also reported to us in other counties of Bul, Jagei and Jikany. It is imminent that unless these populations are re-inforced by WFP food aid otherwise, they will face severe starvation.

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3.5. Shelter / Non Food Items

Shelter

 It is sad to mention that in recent factional fighting in WUN, civilian dwellings were burnt to ashes. A practice which had never been exercised before in the Nuer history. When the four (4) counties of Jikany, Jagei, Leek and Bul were collectively displaced to Bahr -el-Ghazal in July, August and September by the joint forces of SPDF and Paulino Matiep Militias, all sponsored by the government of Sudan had decided to leave no hut or Luak (byre) standing, they were all burnt to ashes. Although very few huts or tukuls and luaks are still surviving at a distance of 2 to 3 kilometres from the other surviving one. Nhialdiu, Chaang and Boaw were completely erased to ground by burning as you can see in the picture below.

Non Food Items

AS the population of these four counties were running only for their dear lives during the displacement, they could not carry with them any of their belonging with the exception of a piece of cloth somebody is wearing on when they were running, and as a result, they left all their belonging and looted by the people forcing them to flee.

SSOM and Christian Aid had delivered some blankets, mosquito cloth and emergency medical kits to area of Tam and Nhialdiu on November 13th-17th targeting at least 300 HH. The young ORCD had also delivered 5 emergency medical kits and 5 education kits donated by UNICEF / OLS to Nhialdiu town as the population was trying to re-establish the town. But ofcourse, just a drop in the ocean. When we asked the community in both locations we visited of their non food immediate needs, they gave us the following list:-

• Mosquito nets / clothes
• Blankets as this is winter time in South Sudan
• Used clothes for all gender and children
• Fishing equipment (hooks, twines etc.)
• Cooking and water utensils
• Tarpaulin / plastic sheeting

The needs are enormous and immediate.

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3.6. Water and Sanitation

Water situation in the four counties still very remote. The overwhelming majority of the population collect their drinking water in streams, pools, lagoons and small rivers around with the exception of Mankien and Nhialdiu Counties headquarters. Mankien had a total of 28 UN water boreholes with only 12 currently working around Mankien. Nhialdiu had 14 UN water boreholes with only 6 are currently functioning. Other counties have no water facilities / drinking sources.

Reported and Observed difficulties / problems

1. The population of these Counties bitterly complained of experiencing suspected poisoning in water consumption as a result of government of Sudan (GOS) antonov bomb shells which fell in drinking water points. It caused them bloody diarrhea, eye infection and skin diseases. Their cattle and livestock also perishes of the same poisons in drinking water.
2. The population had also raised the issue of UN water boreholes repairs to accommodate as many people as possible.
3. No repairs or new boreholes for the last 3 years of insecurity in this region.

Sanitation

Sanitation in these counties still rude and a crisis as the population are trying to come back home and begin a new life. However, the population of these counties are generally educated about the health risks of defecating / urinating around the residences and water points, but they now need help to resettle them and re-structure their livestock in water sources and sanitation.

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3.7. Veterinary / Livestock

Livestock is one of the main source of these people livelihood. They always feel aggrieved or resent the death of their cattle, goats and sheep just as equal as the death of their children and relatives. They sadly reported prevalence variety of cattle diseases which include contagious bovine pluero pneumonia (CBPP) and trypanasomiasis.

Another concern is the death of their cattle from suspected bomb poisons dropped to cattle grazing areas and water points by the (GOS) bombers. UN. Veterinary and other Vet. Agencies like VSF-CH who works in the area are encouraged to observe and investigate such reports.

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3.8. Coping Mechanism / Techniques of Survival

The Nuer people of South Sudan are widely known for their resilience to calamities such as famine, drought, flood, war displacement and other related problems. This is because they are usually guided by strong socio-economic conventions that uphold the Nuer society together. These includes kinship system and tied sharing of resources.

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3.9. Trade and Exchange

These communities do trade and barter among themselves and as well as with their neighboring Western Sudan Arab nomad Bagarah tribes-men of Messyria and others who bring variety of goods to Western Upper Nile mainly to Bul and Leek counties of WUN.

This is not the case now, there is a complete change on trade and exchange due to effects of insecurity which forces the whole community on constant move. Such situation made the community to be dependent on relief aid items specially non-food items that they can not produce either in their communities.

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3.10. Fishing, Hunting and Wild Food

From distance past to the present, these areas are very rich indeed in fishing as there are many rivers and streams all over the land, plenty of games and other edible animals, wild foods are also at abundance. However, these sources of livelihood are not useful any longer as these communities are complaining of fish poisoning them, lack of access to hunting as the whole area is insecure and for wild foods is also poisoned by the GOS random bombing even in the wild bushes of no mans land.

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3.11. Population Estimates

In this part of South Sudan, there is no an agreed upon census even from UN/WHO/OLS polio campaign in the last four years. Together with the community leaders local authority leaders and counterparts we have come to the following estimates:

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3.12. Peace and Promotion of Human Rights in WUN

ORCD team on their capacity as the sons of this area had also adventure to talk about peace and promotion of human rights among the communities, chiefs, elders, women groups, youth and the army of these four counties. The response was very encouraging and amazing in that they all need peace and they are tied of human right abuses. Now we need people to help us they declared to us in a massive meeting in Tam Payam. We immediately refer them to peace organizations such as NSCC, Bible Peace Making Ministry (BPMM) of an indigenous NGO called SSOM whose executive director was with us in this meeting, SWVP and UN peace agencies.

They immediately wrote an authorization letter to BPMM signed by the SPLA WUN commander Peter Gatdeat Yakah to mediate between them and the SPDF and Paulino Matiep backed GOS militia groups in WUN and to pass this declaration on the desire of peace to as many as peace loving people in the world to come to our help to achieve peace in WUN and South Sudan in general and Sudan as a whole they lamented. They thanked ORCD team for this initiative to talk about peace and encourage us to continue on the mobilization of these communities to achieve peace in WUN.

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3.13. Community Participation

As we all agreed that, the needs in these communities are great, we therefore, asked the communities of where they think they can contribute if relief agencies could have returned to the area.

• They held that, they will effectively cooperate with aid agencies wherever our services are needed
• We shall provide the relief agencies with information that can hamper their operations
• We shall freely construct relief compounds for all NGOs coming to the area
• We will properly maintain the safety of our airstrips
• We shall also provide relief operations with man power without expectations of any benefits or salaries
• Primary school teachers will report themselves to wherever there is an established school
• We will re-construct schools and clinics

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4.0. Conclusion

Bul, Leek, Jikany and Jagei counties are undoubtedly the most affected part of WUN region for its insecurity related issues which have devastated the area for the last three years of turmoil and bloodshed. The absent of all kind of facilities and acute emergencies in health, education water and other necessities of life have left the area as a ghost area. Very serious rehabilitation process of the lives of these population is urgently and highly needed in all areas of humanitarian needs and rights.

5.0. Recommendations to Whom it may Concern

5.1. Food

• WFP should continue food aid interventions in these counties at least up until August 2001.
• The targeted beneficiaries should be increased from the usual WFP 30% to 50-75% of the population of each county.
• There should be an agricultural support with ox-ploughing if security and stability prevails in this dry season to next rainy season which usually start in May and June.

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5.2. Health and Nutrition

An emergency delivery of medical kits is urgently needed in these counties as the health conditions are in appalling state.
Cases of malnutrition were seen among children, suckling babies, lactating mothers and elders nutrition supplies can be provided through Nhaildiu PHCC, Mankein PHCC, Chaang PHCC and Boaw PHCC to reduce this crisis of visible mortality and morbility among women and children.

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5.3. Education

Primary education in these counties is nightmare and needed a quick rehabilitation by establishing mobile emergency schools that can move with the population even when they are displaced. This will be done by ORCD in due course but in the meantime, emergency education kits are urgently required in these counties - UNICEF education sector is highly encouraged in provision of more school materials to these counties.

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5.4. Protection of Children and Child Soldier Demobilization

This is a daunting task, however, mandated agencies with the help of indigenous NGOs on ground like ORCD and SSOM can join hand together and provide resources that can protect children and demobilized them from rebel armies. Such as provision of education facilities, opening of schools health care services and provision of food aid in those centres.

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5.5. Shelter and non-Food Items

As you have seen in the body of the report that nothing has been left with these population. Therefore, we are alerting all agencies operating in South Sudan to help these people with the following items:

• Blankets
• Tarputins or plastic sheeting
• Used clothes all sexes, young and old
• Cooking utensils
• Water containers
• Washing soaps
• Salt
• Fishing equipment
• Khangas [simple wrap-dresses]for ladies
• Seeds and tools

Target population could be 75% of the total population.

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5.6. Water and Sanitation

An expertise assessment is urgently recommended to mandated agencies of this field as people are bitterly complaining of water poison as a result of GOS bombing to these counties. Maintenance of the existing boreholes and additions of new ones is urgently recommended.

5.7. Peace and Promotion of Human Right

With the will of the people, all peace making organizations and mandated human rights agencies like UNICEF should step up and pursue the spirit of peace among these communities. We can only help them effectively when there is peace in this areas.

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5.8. Impact of Oil Operation

Almost every one (young and old) in these counties which are the Front Line of the Oil Fields are crying of fatal and disastrous impact of the oil operation which is causing them. This include things like:-

• Poison in water for both human and animals
• Burns in the body
• Cuts of foots by bombs fragments
• Eye infection without treatment
• Territorial occupation (expansion) of villages by oil companies and the government

NB: Kindly note that these communities do not distinguish the work of oil companies from the government of Sudan bombing and ground attacks. The companies are regarded as facilitators of the government. See attached roads constructed by companies to the government in annex IV and V on the sketch maps [maps not included in annex--SSFI].
Concerned UN and human rights bodies are urgently reminded to make haste move investigations and take quick and decisive action with regard to such imminent disastrous oil impact to the people of Western Upper Nile region.

Signed, Compiled and Reported by
Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director        Date: 08/12/2000
  

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Implementing Organization Address / Contact Person:
Mr. Koang Tut Doh
P.O. Box 9658 Nairobi, KENYA Tel. c/o. Kur Yai (254) (151) 54195 Ruiru
Fax (254) (151) -54195, Mobile Phone (254) -72721056
send email to Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director

Bank Information : Standard Chartered Bank.
Kenya LTD., Moi Avenue Nairobi, KENYA.
ERRO Foreign Currency
A/C. 8702093990000 Tel. (254) - 2- 220194

For more information about this and other development opportunities in south Sudan contact:
South Sudanese Friends International, Inc. (SSFI)
P.O. Box 8582
Bloomington, IN 47407
http://www.southsudanfriends.org
send email to Jack Schmit, SSFI Chairman
SSFI -- Working together with grassroots communities

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Western Upper Nile (WUN) region has been racked and torn apart by a dreadful devastating conflicts in this region which includes the most relentless civil war in the country between South and North Sudan, furthermore being complicated by internal conflicts among the rebel movements rivaling over control of Western Upper Nile.

From September 1997 to date, Western Upper Nile has been and still remain in turmoil and bloodshed within the rank and file of the rebel forces i.e., the people of Western Upper Nile alone on one hand and the government of Sudan (GOS) armed forces with its heavy aerial bombardment, helicopter gunships bombardment, ground offensives together with its associated militias from WUN under the command of renegade General Paulino Matip Nhial on the other hand and the most disastrous impact of the oil exploitation in Western Upper Nile region.

All these forces collectively caused a massive displacement of the civil population of WUN, enormous loss of life, huge disruption of livelihood, extensive violation of human rights, burning, looting and destruction of crops and dwellings, cattle/livestock taken as war booties by both sides to the conflict, abduction of women and children into servitude and coercive conscriptions of child soldier into rebel and government armies.

All civil structures and institutions are completely destroyed. As a result of these continuous insecurity and absence of peace in this region, all international NGOs which were operating in these counties had to withdraw their personnel and essential resources by the end of 1997 and early 1998. MSF-H was in Duar in Jikany County, MDM and ADRA were in Mankien in Bul County and Cosv was in Nhialdiu, Leek County. Consequently, these counties are totally abandoned without basic or minimal humanitarian assistance except on hit and run basis by UNICEF and WFP once a Lull in fighting is reported. ORCD is coming up to exert its effort to try to alleviate the suffering of these innocent people in WUN by staying within them in WUN.

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3. OBJECTIVES

• To improve the quality of basic education among these communities
• Increase enrollment of children to schools to deny them child soldier conscription by warring parties
• Support the adaptation of curriculum to the emergency situation for primary education

4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES

• Curriculum adaptation incorporating life-skills for survival in emergencies situations
• Community mobilization on peace building
• To enhance learning environment by rehabilitating and constructing classrooms/learning sites
• To approach water and sanitation agencies to provide our schools with water sources
• Make school gardens
• Training of teachers on new teaching materials.
• Provide basic education materials including teachers guides and essential text books and modules

5. STRATEGIES

• To advocate with local authorities on ground to encourage unrestricted participation of girls to promote their rights to education
• Training of teachers to enhance their skills in improving pedagogy, growth and development in emergency situation
• Mobilize parents, communities and local resources to support basic education and run peace camps in these communities.
• Implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness and promotion of human rights through religious leaders, teachers and NGOs staff.
• Improving learning environments will be enhanced through educational services and facilities.
• Introduction of "theatre for life" groups that will dramatize peace building scenarios.
• Provide textbooks and teachers guides, school uniforms and sandals.

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6. MONITORING AND EVALUATlON

• Specific routine of regular monitoring visits and follow-up meeting after completing a planning seminar shall be our fundamental approach.
• Written reports and record keeping.
• Encouragement of monitoring visits by facilitators and donors.
• Discuss the progress of the project with the community leaders.

7. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF RISKS / ASSUMPTIONS

Freight: Expenses for transporting materials to location of programne is extremely expensive. First of all, there is the expense of shipping materials from the port of Mombasa to Nairobi if supplies are coming from abroad. Added cost is transportation from Nairobi to Lokichoggio by land, a distance of about 900 kilometers in very rough roads deeply pot-holed with an armed escorts due to incidences of armed tribesmen raiding and looting the vehicles.

Air transport: In order to reach these supplies to Western Upper Nile (WUN) they must travel by air since there is no coherent road system to this region. This kind of transport is only by chartered aircraft and the total cost for this is very high.

Personnel Transport: The cost of transporting personnel from Nairobi to Lokichoggio, Loki - South Sudan (WUN) and vice versa is costly and all by air which is almost US S 10,000 per big plane per trip.

8. BUDGET SUMMARY - EDUCATION

BUDGET ITEMS	COST IN US DOLLARS
Learning Materials and Modules	28,000
Logistic support and transport	30,000
Quality Improved Teacher Training	12,000
Project Management	21,000
Monitoring and Evaluation	10,000
Staffs Support	19,000
Total Project Budget and Funds Requested	120,000

Signed by: Mr. Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director     Date: 08/12/2000

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Implementing Organization Address / Contact Person:
Mr. Koang Tut Doh
P.O. Box 9658 Nairobi, KENYA Tel. c/o. Kur Yai (254) (151) 54195 Ruiru
Fax (254) (151) -54195, Mobile Phone (254) -72721056
send email to Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director

Bank Information : Standard Chartered Bank.
Kenya LTD., Moi Avenue Nairobi, KENYA.
ERRO Foreign Currency
A/C. 8702093990000 Tel. (254) - 2- 220194

For more information about this and other development opportunities in south Sudan contact:
South Sudanese Friends International, Inc. (SSFI)
P.O. Box 8582
Bloomington, IN 47407
http://www.southsudanfriends.org
send email to Jack Schmit, SSFI Chairman
SSFI -- Working together with grassroots communities

Back to Table of Contents

Western Upper Nile (WUN) region has been racked and torn apart by a dreadful devastating conflicts in this region which includes the most relentless civil war in the country between South and North Sudan, furthermore being complicated by internal conflicts among the rebel movements rivaling over control of Western Upper Nile.

From September 1997 to date, Western Upper Nile has been and still remain in turmoil and bloodshed within the rank and file of the rebel forces i.e., the people of Western Upper Nile alone on one hand and the government of Sudan (GOS) armed forces with its heavy aerial bombardment, helicopter gunships bombardment, ground offensives together with its associated militias from WUN under the command of renegade General Paulino Matip Nhial on the other hand and the most disastrous impact of the oil exploitation in Western Upper Nile region.

All these forces collectively caused a massive displacement of the civil population of WUN, enormous loss of life, huge disruption of livelihood, extensive violation of human rights, burning, looting and destruction of crops and dwellings, cattle/livestock taken as war booties by both sides to the conflict, abduction of women and children into servitude and coercive conscriptions of child soldier into rebel and government armies.

All civil structures and institutions are completely destroyed. As a result of these continuous insecurity and absence of peace in this region, all international NGOs which were operating in these counties had to withdraw their personnel and essential resources by the end of 1997 and early 1998. MSF-H was in Duar in Jikany County, MDM and ADRA were in Mankien in Bul County and Cosv was in Nhialdiu, Leek County. Consequently, these counties are totally abandoned without basic or minimal humanitarian assistance except on hit and run basis by UNICEF and WFP once a Lull in fighting is reported. ORCD is coming up to exert its effort to try to alleviate the suffering of these innocent people in WUN by staying within them in WUN.

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3. OBJECTIVES

• To save lives of those returning survivors from Bhar-el-Ghazal and WUN towns to their original birth places
• To reduce mortality and morbidity among children and the community at large
• To report quickly and appropriately common disease outbreaks to mandated agencies like UNICEF and WHO
• In collaboration with mandated agencies, we shall work hard to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by the five killers (Malaria, ARI, COD, Measles and Malnutrition) by 20 percent among the children less than five years

• Procurement and distribution of essential drugs kits to the PHCCs and PHCUs in South Sudan.
• Conducting of publicity and social mobilization campaigns at local level.
• Liaise with international health agencies to help in areas of expertise and provision of drugs.
• Assist in vaccination campaigns.
• Training of the personnel and community workers which include EPI, IMC, and MCH.
• Training of hygiene and sanitation promoters. 
• Educate 100 community leaders and decision makers on HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns.
• Conducting National Immunization such as polio and vitamin A campaigns.

• We shall effectively coordinate and collaborate with the local authorities and counterparts and UN/WHO health agencies to ensure successful implementation of the programme.
• Community capacity building and empowerment through training and supplies.
• Pre-positioning of essential medicines and supplies in outbreaks -prone Field locations.
• Implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness through religious leaders, teachers and NGO staffs.
• Participate in the immunization of children less than one year with six antigens using a combination of fixed sites, outreach and mobile teams. ORCD, will also use pulse campaigns focusing on reaching under-two children with two doses of OPV, one of measles and vitamin A in unstable areas.
• WUN as one area which is lagging behind in Polio Vaccination campaign, ORCD shall liaise with WHO to continue with the vaccination wherever possible.

6. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

This program will place major emphasis on a systematic monitoring and evaluation component for each objective. As it focuses on a community-based health care, therefore, a comprehensive Health Information System (IDS) will be developed by covering 10 villages in the first year, which will retain on-going health information on all families in those villages in these two counties. This information will be disseminated to the community in community meetings in a format that they can understand, to engage their participation in the whole project. Individuals at all levels in the project will be motivated to evaluate their own performance, results and make necessary changes for improvement. The project will also endeavor to ensure that project inputs are being delivered as planned and that these inputs are resulting in the desired outputs. ORCD senior staff must spend most of their time visiting the project site on supervision.

7. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF RISK / ASSUMPTIONS

Freight: Expenses for transporting materials to location of programne is extremely expensive. First of all, there is the expense of shipping materials from the port of Mombasa to Nairobi if supplies are coming from abroad. Added cost is transportation from Nairobi to Lokichoggio by land, a distance of about 900 kilometers in very rough roads deeply pot-holed with an armed escorts due to incidences of armed tribesmen raiding and looting the vehicles.

Air transport: In order to reach these supplies to Western Upper Nile (WUN) they must travel by air since there is no coherent road system to this region. This kind of transport is only by chartered aircraft and the total cost for this is very high.

Personnel Transport: The cost of transporting personnel from Nairobi to Lokichoggio, Loki - South Sudan (WUN) and vice versa is costly and all by air which is almost US S 10,000 per big plane per trip.

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8. BUDGET SUMMARY -EMERGENCY PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Signed by: Mr. Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director     Date: 08/12/2000

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Applying Organization	The Organization for Relief and Community Development (ORCD)
Project Title	Emergency Shelter and Non Food Needs Provision
Code	S- SUD -00 /ESF 001
Time Frame	As Soon As Possible
Goal	To resettle returning communities from Bahr el-Ghazal to their original birth places in Western Upper Nile.
Legal Status	ORCD is a registered Organization under Section 10 of the Non-Governmental Organizations Coordination Act NO. 218/051/99137B/1589 in Kenya. NGO Bureau.
Project Location	Leek County (Nhialdiu) and Jikany County(Chaang)
Population Estimates	260.000 Persons
Funds Requested	US $ 85,000

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Implementing Organization Address / Contact Person:
Mr. Koang Tut Doh
P.O. Box 9658 Nairobi, KENYA Tel. c/o. Kur Yai (254) (151) 54195 Ruiru
Fax (254) (151) -54195, Mobile Phone (254) -72721056
send email to Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director

Bank Information : Standard Chartered Bank.
Kenya LTD., Moi Avenue Nairobi, KENYA.
ERRO Foreign Currency
A/C. 8702093990000 Tel. (254) - 2- 220194

For more information about this and other development opportunities in south Sudan contact:
South Sudanese Friends International, Inc. (SSFI)
P.O. Box 8582
Bloomington, IN 47407
http://www.southsudanfriends.org
send email to Jack Schmit, SSFI Chairman
SSFI -- Working together with grassroots communities

Back to Table of Contents

Western Upper Nile (WUN) region has been racked and torn apart by a dreadful devastating conflicts in this region which includes the most relentless civil war in the country between South and North Sudan, furthermore being complicated by internal conflicts among the rebel movements rivaling over control of Western Upper Nile.

From September 1997 to date, Western Upper Nile has been and still remain in turmoil and bloodshed within the rank and file of the rebel forces i.e., the people of Western Upper Nile alone on one hand and the government of Sudan (GOS) armed forces with its heavy aerial bombardment, helicopter gunships bombardment, ground offensives together with its associated militias from WUN under the command of renegade General Paulino Matip Nhial on the other hand and the most disastrous impact of the oil exploitation in Western Upper Nile region.

All these forces collectively caused a massive displacement of the civil population of WUN, enormous loss of life, huge disruption of livelihood, extensive violation of human rights, burning, looting and destruction of crops and dwellings, cattle/livestock taken as war booties by both sides to the conflict, abduction of women and children into servitude and coercive conscriptions of child soldier into rebel and government armies.

All civil structures and institutions are completely destroyed. As a result of these continuous insecurity and absence of peace in this region, all international NGOs which were operating in these counties had to withdraw their personnel and essential resources by the end of 1997 and early 1998. MSF-H was in Duar in Jikany County, MDM and ADRA were in Mankien in Bul County and Cosv was in Nhialdiu, Leek County. Consequently, these counties are totally abandoned without basic or minimal humanitarian assistance except on hit and run basis by UNICEF and WFP once a Lull in fighting is reported. ORCD is coming up to exert its effort to try to alleviate the suffering of these innocent people in WUN by staying within them in WUN.

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3. OBJECTIVES

• To resettle the returning displaced persons from neighbouring regions to their original places
• Restore hope of life on these communities
• To cover the most vulnerable persons with clothes and provide cooking utensils and fishing equipments
• To enable them restore their coping mechanism

4. REQUESTED ITEMS BY THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

• Plastic sheeting / Tarpaulins
• Blankets
• Mosquito nets / cloth
• Cooking pots/Utensil-plates (plastic)
• Water containers-basins
• Fishing hooks
• Fishing Twines
• Used clothes all gender, all ages (young and old)
• Salt
• Khangas or sheets for ladies
• Soap

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6. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF RISKS ASSUMPTION

Freight: Expenses for transporting materials to location of programne is extremely expensive. First of all, there is the expense of shipping materials from the port of Mombasa to Nairobi if supplies are coming from abroad. Added cost is transportation from Nairobi to Lokichoggio by land, a distance of about 900 kilometers in very rough roads deeply pot-holed with an armed escorts due to incidences of armed tribesmen raiding and looting the vehicles.

Air transport: In order to reach these supplies to Western Upper Nile (WUN) they must travel by air since there is no coherent road system to this region. This kind of transport is only by chartered aircraft and the total cost for this is very high.

Personnel Transport: The cost of transporting personnel from Nairobi to Lokichoggio, Loki - South Sudan (WUN) and vice versa is costly and all by air which is almost US S 10,000 per big plane per trip.

7. BUDGET SUMMARY - SHELTER AND NON-FOOD NEEDS

BUDGET ITEMS	COST IN US DOLLARS
Non Food Items	40,000
Transport cost, Nairobi Loki by land	15,000
Transport cost, Loki -Nhialdiu by Air	30,000
Total	85,000

Signed by: Mr. Koang Tut Doh, ORCD Managing Director     Date: 08/12/2000

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